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HAJI DAN UMRAH SERTA PERBEDAANNYA
Terdapat beberapa perbedaan antara Haji dan Umroh. Ibadah Umrah itu sendiri bisa dikatakan Haji kecil, karena ada beberapa manasik yang sama. Namun antara Haji dan Umrah tidaklah sama. apa saja perbedaan antara haji dan Umrah, berikut ini sedikit paparan mengenai perbedaan antara Haji dan Umrah.
Dari segi waktu, ibadah haji mempunyai waktu-waktu tertentu yaitu bulan-bulan tertentu yang tidak sah niat ihram haji kecuali di dalamnya. Adapun bulan-bulan tersebut yaitu: syawal, dzulqo’dah, dan 10 hari pertama dari bulan dzulhijjah. Sedangkan umrah, maka hari-hari dalam setahun adalah merupakan waktu dibolehkannnya untuk niat ibadah umrah, kecuali waktu-waktu haji bagi orang yang berniat ihram haji saja didalamnya.
Adapun dari segi manasik, dalam ibadah haji terdapat wukuf di arafah, mabit di mudzdalifah dan di mina, melempar jumrah. Sedangkan umrah, hal-hal di atas tidak perlu dilakukan. Yang mana umrah hanya terdiri: niat ihram, thowaf dan sai, halq atapun tahallul.
Ulama’ sepakat atas kewajiban menjalankan ibadah haji bagi yang mampu, sedangkan dalam umrah terdapat perbedaan pendapat hukum menjalankannya, apakah ia wajib atau tidak bagi yang mampu.
Mengetahui Perbedaan antara Haji dan Umrah sangat diperlukan dan harus diperhatikan. Ada beberapa perbedaan hal antara Haji dan Umrah, siantaranya sebagai berikut :
Umrah tidak mempunyai waktu tertentu dan tidak bisa ketinggalan waktu.
Dalam umrah tidak ada wukuf di Arafah dan tidak ada pula singgah di Muzdalifah.
Dalam umrah tidak ada kegiatan melontar jumrah.
Tidak ada jamak antara dua shalat seperti dalam pelaksanaan haji. Demikian menurut Ulama Hanafiyah, Malikiyah, dan Hanabilah. Sedangkan ulama Syafi’iyah berpendapat dibolehkan jamak dan qashar. Menurut mereka, haji dan umrah bukanlah sebab bagi bolehnya jamak antara dua shalat, melainkan sebabnya adalah karena safar (perjalanan).
Tidak ada thawaf qudum dan tidak ada pula khutbah.
Miqat umrah untuk semua orang adalah Tanah Halal. Sedangkan dalam ibadah haji, miqat bagi orang Makkah adalah Tanah Haram.
Menurut ulama Malikiyah dan Hanafiyah, hukum umrah adalah sunah muakkad sedangkan haji hukumnya adalah fardhu. Menurut ulama Hanafiyah, pada ibadah umrah tidak ada Thawaf Wada sebagaimana dalam haji. Membatalkan umrah dan melakukan thawaf dalam keadaan junub tidak diwajibkan membayar denda seekor unta yang digemukkan (al-badanah) sebagaimana diwajibkan dalam ibadah haji.
Demikian Ulasan mengenai perbedaan Haji dan Umrah. memang terdapat beberapa Ikhtilaf Ulama, namun itu adalah berkahnya ikhtilaf. smoga sedikit penjelasan Haji Umrah ini bermanfaat.
Sumber : http://www.zaen-haji-umrah.com
HAJI DAN UMRAH SERTA PERBEDAANNYAToko Online Gratis
Mulai bisnis online anda dengan memanfaatkan fasilitas gratis di internet sebanyak banyanknya, Mulai dari Market Place ( tokobersamabisa.com, tokobagus.com, indonetwork.co.id, berniaga.com, dll ) serta di ribuan iklanbari gratis lainnya. Selengkapnya daftar gratis gratis di Internent
Toko Online Gratis
EMPAT PENCURI RUMSONG TELAH DIBEKUK POLISI
sco-indonesia.com, Empat tersangka pelaku spesialis pencuri rumah kosong (Rumsong), telah dibekuk oleh jajaran Reserse Kriminal (Reskrim) Polsek Serpong, Kota Tangerang Selatan (Tangsel).
Tiga pelaku tersebut diantaranya masih dibawah umur, bahkan masih ada pelajar.Para pelaku yang mayoritas berdomisili di Tangerang itu, masing-masing berinisial F alias B (17) tahun , Z alias M (16) tahun dan AY alias M (15) tahun , serta S alias H (21) tahun .
Meski masih terbilang masih remaja, para tersangka itu juga terbilang cukup mahir dalam melakukan setiap aksinya. Sebab, sedikitnya sudah ada 36 rumah di wilayah Tangerang Raya, telah berhasil mereka bobol.”Pengakuan mereka 36 TKP itu diwilayah Serpong, Kelapa Dua, Cikupa dan Balaraja. Semua TKP sudah kami cek dan memang benar semua korban telah mengakui dan bahkan sudah ada LP nya, walaupun beberapa korban ada juga yang tidak melaporkan ke polisi,” kata Kanit Reskrim Polsek Serpong, AKP Toto Daniyanto
Menurutnya, pengungkapan tersebut telah berawal dari hasil rekaman CCTV salah satu rumah korban. Dari situlah, pihaknya telah berhasil mengungkap dan menangkap para tersangka.”Modus mereka sebelum melakukan aksinya adalah dengan cara menjadi pengamen di siang hari. Dari situ mereka telah menggambarkan situasi targetnya, kemudian barulah beraksi dimalam hari,” paparnya sambil menyebutkan, para tersangka juga dapat dijerat dengan pasal 363, tentang pencurian dengan ancaman hukuman diatas 5 tahun penjara.
“Namun, bagi pelaku yang masih dibawah umur kita akan tetap kenakan sesuai peradilan anak. Kami juga masih harus mengejar 4 pelaku lainnya,” tandasnya.
Kanit juga mengimbau kepada masyarakat luas, agar lebih berhati-hati dalam memperhatikan gerak-gerik setiap orang yang tidak dikenalnya..
Sementara, tersangka F juga mengaku, kerap mengirimi orangtuanya di Lampung dengan hasil penjualan barang curiannya itu. “Buat kirim ke orang tua setiap bulan, sebagian buat senang-senang sama teman,” akunya.
Dalam penangkapan itu, petugas juga telah mengamankan barang bukti hasil curian berupa, 3 ekor burung, 2 unit Handphone, uang tunai sebesar Rp72 ribu, 2 buah Laptop 2, 1 buah jam tangan, serta sebilah pisau dan obeng sebagai alat melakukan aksinya.
Editor : Dian Sukmawati
CARA NABI MUHAMMAD SAW MELAKSANAKAN MANASIK HAJI
Haji adalah ibadah wajib bagi umat Islam yang mampu melaksanakannya, baik mampu secara fisik,mental, maupun finansial.
Menurut para ulama, kewajiban menunaikan ibadah haji dan umrah diterima oleh Rasulullah SAW pada tahun 6 Hijriah/628 Masehi. Untuk menjalankan perintah Allah SWT tersebut, pada tanggai 6 Dzulqa’dah tahun 6 Hijriah, Rasulullah SAW bersama 1.500 pengikutnya bertolak menuju Makkah untuk melaksanakan umrah.
Namun, di tengah perjalanan tepatnya di daerah Hudaibiyah yang berjarak sekitar sembilan mil dari Makkah, mereka dicegat oleh orang- orang kafir. Menghindari pertumpahan darah, kaum muslimin bersedia melakukan perundingan dengan orang-orang kafir.
Dalam perundingan itu, sebuah kesepakatan yang kemudian dikenal dengan Perjanjian Hudaibiyah diteken oleh kedua belah pihak. Salah satu butir dalam isi perjanjian tersebut adalah bahwa kaum muslim tidak diperkenankan melaksanakan ibadah haji tahun itu. Mereka baru diizinkan pada tahun berikutnya, itu pun hanya dalam waktu tiga hari.
Sebelum Rasulullah SAW melakukan ibadah haji, konon beliau sudah pernah melakukan umrah sebanyak empat kali. Demikian diriwayatkan dari Aisyah, Ibnu Umar, dan Anas bin Malik. Umrah pertama dilakukan pada tahun 6 Hijriah/628 Masehi atau dikenal dengan umrah Hudaibiyah.
Umrah kedua dilakukan pada tahun berikutnya, umrah ketiga pada bulan Dzulqa’dah tahun yang sama, dan umrah keempat ketika beliau mengerjakan ibadah haji.
Selain riwayat dari tiga tokoh di atas, ada banyak informasi lain tentang berapa kali Rasulullah SAW menunaikan ibadah. Namun dari berbagai informasi tersebut, pendapat paling sahih menyatakan bahwa Nabi hanya melakukan umrah sebanyak tiga kali.
Umrah pertama dilaksanakan pada tahun 7 Hijriah/629 Masehi, umrah kedua dilakukan pada tahun 8 Hijriah/630 Masehi dan dikenal dengan umrah Dzulqa’dah atau umrah Ji’ranah, dan umrah ketiga terjadi pada tahun 10 Hijriah/632 Masehi, yaitu ketika Nabi mengerjakan Haji Wada’.
Manasik haji yang dikenalkan oleh Rasulullah SAW adalah penyempurna dari manasik haji para nabi sebelumnya, termasuk manasik haji Nabi Ibrahim AS.
Manasik haji yang dikenalkan oleh Rasulullah SAW dapat diuraikan dalam urutan, yaitu: ihram; thawaf; shalat dua rakaat di Maqam Ibrahim; sa’i (berlari-lari kecil) antara bukit Shafa dan Marwah; wukuf di Padang Arafah; bermalam di Muzdalifah; melempar Jumrah Aqabah; menyembelih binatang kurban; melaksanakan thawaf ifadhah; tahallul atau bercukur; mabit atau menginap di Mina; melempar tiga jumrah pada Hari Tasyriq (tanggai 11, 12, dan 13 Dzulhijjah); dan melakukan tawaf wada’ atau tawaf perpisahan.
Sewaktu mengerjakan Haji Wada’ atau haji terakhir, Rasulullah SAW berpesan agar umat Islam mengikuti manasik atau tata cara haji yang beliau contohkan. Manasik haji tidak boleh dimodifikasi sebab ditetapkan secara langsung melalui wahyu Allah SWT.
Demikianlah ritual haji yang disyariatkan kepada Nabi Adam AS, Nabi Ibrahim AS, hingga Nabi Muhammad SAW. Setiap ritual haji yang diturunkan kepada nabi-nabi tersebut mengalami penyempurnaan dan pembersihan dari segala macam pencemaran.
Sumber : http://www.jurnalhaji.com
Baca Artikel Lainnya : ARAB JAHILIYAH BERHAJI?
CARA NABI MUHAMMAD SAW MELAKSANAKAN MANASIK HAJIMakanan Pemicu Jerawat
Jerawat
adalah masalah kulit yang umum di kalangan remaja maupun orang dewasa. Hal ini juga dapat
disebabkan oleh kurangnya perawatan kulit yang tepat. Namun, jerawat juga disebabkan oleh
penumpukan bakteri dan sel-sel kulit mati yang menyumbat kulit. Bahkan, sekresi berlebihan dari
hormon testosteron bisa menyebabkan jerawat lho. Selain ini, diet yang tidak sehat juga merupakan
penyebab utama di balik jerawat.
Hati-hati, ada beberapa makanan yang dapat
memicu jerawat. Mungkin salah satu makanan ini ada dalam daftar makanan favorit Anda. Yuk simak
ulasan dari Boldsky!
1. Tiram
Makanan laut ini kaya akan
yodium. Makanan kaya yodium atau makanan asin bisa memicu jerawat. Jadi, hindari terlalu banyak
makan makanan ini.
2. Makanan yang digoreng
Makanan kaya
karbohidrat yang dimasak dengan cara digoreng seperti kentang goreng atau burger dapat memicu
munculnya jerawat.
3. Udang
Makanan laut ini sarat akan
vitamin dan nutrisi, tetapi tidak baik untuk Anda yang memiliki kulit yang rentan berjerawat.
4. Susu dan produk susu
Bagi mereka yang rentan berjerawat,
susu dan produk susu mengandung antibiotik dan hormon yang dapat memicu jerawat.
5. Makanan beku
Makanan kaya lemak trans harus dihindari karena dapat
menyebabkan jerawat. Makanan beku, termasuk sayuran, harus dihindari jika ingin bebas dari
jerawat.
6. Beras
Beras sangat kaya akan karbohidrat,
terutama glukosa. Jadi, hindari beras merah atau putih untuk mencegah jerawat.
7. Sereal
Sarapan sereal dianggap sehat dan bergizi. Tetapi, tahukah Anda
bahwa sereal kaya akan lemak trans olahan? Makanan ini akan memicu timbulnya jerawat.
Inilah tujuh makanan yang bisa memicu jerawat. Oleh karenanya, batasi makan makanan
ini agar Anda terbebas dari jerawat.
Negative View of U.S. Race Relations Grows, Poll Finds
Public perceptions of race relations in America have grown substantially more negative in the aftermath of the death of a young black man who was injured while in police custody in Baltimore and the subsequent unrest, far eclipsing the sentiment recorded in the wake of turmoil in Ferguson, Mo., last summer.
Americans are also increasingly likely to say that the police are more apt to use deadly force against a black person, the latest New York Times/CBS News poll finds.
The poll findings highlight the challenges for local leaders and police officials in trying to maintain order while sustaining faith in the criminal justice system in a racially polarized nation.
Sixty-one percent of Americans now say race relations in this country are generally bad. That figure is up sharply from 44 percent after the fatal police shooting of Michael Brown and the unrest that followed in Ferguson in August, and 43 percent in December. In a CBS News poll just two months ago, 38 percent said race relations were generally bad. Current views are by far the worst of Barack Obama’s presidency.
The negative sentiment is echoed by broad majorities of blacks and whites alike, a stark change from earlier this year, when 58 percent of blacks thought race relations were bad, but just 35 percent of whites agreed. In August, 48 percent of blacks and 41 percent of whites said they felt that way.
Looking ahead, 44 percent of Americans think race relations are worsening, up from 36 percent in December. Forty-one percent of blacks and 46 percent of whites think so. Pessimism among whites has increased 10 points since December.
Do you think race relations in the United States are generally good or generally bad?
60
40
20
0
White
Black
May '14
May '15
Generally bad
Do you think race relations in the United States are getting better, getting worse or staying about the same?
Getting worse
Staying the same
Getting better
Don't know/No answer
44%
37
17
46
36
16
41
42
15
The poll finds that profound racial divisions in views of how the police use deadly force remain. Blacks are more than twice as likely to say police in most communities are more apt to use deadly force against a black person — 79 percent of blacks say so compared with 37 percent of whites. A slim majority of whites say race is not a factor in a police officer’s decision to use deadly force.
Overall, 44 percent of Americans say deadly force is more likely to be used against a black person, up from 37 percent in August and 40 percent in December.
Blacks also remain far more likely than whites to say they feel mostly anxious about the police in their community. Forty-two percent say so, while 51 percent feel mostly safe. Among whites, 8 in 10 feel mostly safe.
One proposal to address the matter — having on-duty police officers wear body cameras — receives overwhelming support. More than 9 in 10 whites and blacks alike favor it.
How would you describe your feelings about the police in your community? Would you say they make you feel mostly safe or mostly anxious?
Mostly safe
Mostly anxious
Don't know/No answer
75%
21
3
81
16
3
51
42
7
In general, do you think the police in most communities are more likely to use deadly force against a black person, or more likely to use it against a white person, or don’t you think race affects police use of deadly force?
Police more likely to use deadly force against a black person
Police more likely to use deadly force against a white person
Race DOES NOT affect police use of deadly force
Don't know/No answer
All adults
Whites
Blacks
44%
37%
79%
2%
2%
1%
46%
53%
16%
9%
8%
4%
Do you favor or oppose on-duty police officers wearing video cameras that would record events and actions as they occur?
Favor
Oppose
Don't know/No answer
All adults
Whites
Blacks
92%
93%
93%
6%
5%
5%
2%
2%
2%
Asked specifically about the situation in Baltimore, most Americans expressed at least some confidence that the investigation by local authorities would be conducted fairly. But while nearly two-thirds of whites think so, fewer than half of blacks agree. Still, more blacks are confident now than were in August regarding the investigation in Ferguson. On Friday, six members of the police force involved in the arrest of Mr. Gray were charged with serious offenses, including manslaughter. The poll was conducted Thursday through Sunday; results from before charges were announced are similar to those from after.
Reaction to the recent turmoil in Baltimore, however, is similar among blacks and whites. Most Americans, 61 percent, say the unrest after Mr. Gray’s death was not justified. That includes 64 percent of whites and 57 percent of blacks.
As you may know, a Baltimore man, Freddie Gray, recently died after being in the custody of the Baltimore police. How much confidence do you have that the investigation by local authorities into this matter will be conducted fairly?
A lot
Some
Not much
None at all
Don't know/No answer
29%
31
22
14
5
31
33
20
11
5
20
26
30
22
In general, do you think the unrest in Baltimore after the death of Freddie Gray was justified, or do you think the unrest was not justified?
Justified
Not justified
Don't know/No answer
28%
61
11
26
64
11
37
57
6
The nationwide poll was conducted from April 30 to May 3 on landlines and cellphones with 1,027 adults, including 793 whites and 128 blacks. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus three percentage points for all adults, four percentage points for whites and nine percentage points for blacks. See the full poll here.
Robert Patterson Jr., Lawyer and Judge Who Fought for the Accused, Dies at 91
Judge Patterson helped to protect the rights of Attica inmates after the prison riot in 1971 and later served on the Federal District Court in Manhattan.
Robert Patterson Jr., Lawyer and Judge Who Fought for the Accused, Dies at 91Gene Fullmer, a Brawling Middleweight Champion, Dies at 83
Fullmer, who reigned when fight clubs abounded and Friday night fights were a television staple, was known for his title bouts with Sugar Ray Robinson and Carmen Basilio.
Gene Fullmer, a Brawling Middleweight Champion, Dies at 83With Iran Talks, a Tangled Path to Ending Syria’s War
UNITED NATIONS — Wearing pinstripes and a pince-nez, Staffan de Mistura, the United Nations envoy for Syria, arrived at the Security Council one Tuesday afternoon in February and announced that President Bashar al-Assad had agreed to halt airstrikes over Aleppo. Would the rebels, Mr. de Mistura suggested, agree to halt their shelling?
What he did not announce, but everyone knew by then, was that the Assad government had begun a military offensive to encircle opposition-held enclaves in Aleppo and that fierce fighting was underway. It would take only a few days for rebel leaders, having pushed back Syrian government forces, to outright reject Mr. de Mistura’s proposed freeze in the fighting, dooming the latest diplomatic overture on Syria.
Diplomacy is often about appearing to be doing something until the time is ripe for a deal to be done.
Now, with Mr. Assad’s forces having suffered a string of losses on the battlefield and the United States reaching at least a partial rapprochement with Mr. Assad’s main backer, Iran, Mr. de Mistura is changing course. Starting Monday, he is set to hold a series of closed talks in Geneva with the warring sides and their main supporters. Iran will be among them.
In an interview at United Nations headquarters last week, Mr. de Mistura hinted that the changing circumstances, both military and diplomatic, may have prompted various backers of the war to question how much longer the bloodshed could go on.
“Will that have an impact in accelerating the willingness for a political solution? We need to test it,” he said. “The Geneva consultations may be a good umbrella for testing that. It’s an occasion for asking everyone, including the government, if there is any new way that they are looking at a political solution, as they too claim they want.”
He said he would have a better assessment at the end of June, when he expects to wrap up his consultations. That coincides with the deadline for a final agreement in the Iran nuclear talks.
Whether a nuclear deal with Iran will pave the way for a new opening on peace talks in Syria remains to be seen. Increasingly, though, world leaders are explicitly linking the two, with the European Union’s top diplomat, Federica Mogherini, suggesting last week that a nuclear agreement could spur Tehran to play “a major but positive role in Syria.”
It could hardly come soon enough. Now in its fifth year, the Syrian war has claimed 220,000 lives, prompted an exodus of more than three million refugees and unleashed jihadist groups across the region. “This conflict is producing a question mark in many — where is it leading and whether this can be sustained,” Mr. de Mistura said.
Part Italian, part Swedish, Mr. de Mistura has worked with the United Nations for more than 40 years, but he is more widely known for his dapper style than for any diplomatic coups. Syria is by far the toughest assignment of his career — indeed, two of the organization’s most seasoned diplomats, Lakhdar Brahimi and Kofi Annan, tried to do the job and gave up — and critics have wondered aloud whether Mr. de Mistura is up to the task.
He served as a United Nations envoy in Afghanistan and Iraq, and before that in Lebanon, where a former minister recalled, with some scorn, that he spent many hours sunbathing at a private club in the hills above Beirut. Those who know him say he has a taste for fine suits and can sometimes speak too soon and too much, just as they point to his diplomatic missteps and hyperbole.
They cite, for instance, a news conference in October, when he raised the specter of Srebrenica, where thousands of Muslims were massacred in 1995 during the Balkans war, in warning that the Syrian border town of Kobani could fall to the Islamic State. In February, he was photographed at a party in Damascus, the Syrian capital, celebrating the anniversary of the Iranian revolution just as Syrian forces, aided by Iran, were pummeling rebel-held suburbs of Damascus; critics seized on that as evidence of his coziness with the government.
Mouin Rabbani, who served briefly as the head of Mr. de Mistura’s political affairs unit and has since emerged as one of his most outspoken critics, said Mr. de Mistura did not have the background necessary for the job. “This isn’t someone well known for his political vision or political imagination, and his closest confidants lack the requisite knowledge and experience,” Mr. Rabbani said.
As a deputy foreign minister in the Italian government, Mr. de Mistura was tasked in 2012 with freeing two Italian marines detained in India for shooting at Indian fishermen. He made 19 trips to India, to little effect. One marine was allowed to return to Italy for medical reasons; the other remains in India.
He said he initially turned down the Syria job when the United Nations secretary general approached him last August, only to change his mind the next day, after a sleepless, guilt-ridden night.
Mr. de Mistura compared his role in Syria to that of a doctor faced with a terminally ill patient. His goal in brokering a freeze in the fighting, he said, was to alleviate suffering. He settled on Aleppo as the location for its “fame,” he said, a decision that some questioned, considering that Aleppo was far trickier than the many other lesser-known towns where activists had negotiated temporary local cease-fires.
“Everybody, at least in Europe, are very familiar with the value of Aleppo,” Mr. de Mistura said. “So I was using that as an icebreaker.”
The cease-fire negotiations, to which he had devoted six months, fell apart quickly because of the government’s military offensive in Aleppo the very day of his announcement at the Security Council. Privately, United Nations diplomats said Mr. de Mistura had been manipulated. To this, Mr. de Mistura said only that he was “disappointed and concerned.”
Tarek Fares, a former rebel fighter, said after a recent visit to Aleppo that no Syrian would admit publicly to supporting Mr. de Mistura’s cease-fire proposal. “If anyone said they went to a de Mistura meeting in Gaziantep, they would be arrested,” is how he put it, referring to the Turkish city where negotiations between the two sides were held.
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon remains staunchly behind Mr. de Mistura’s efforts. His defenders point out that he is at the center of one of the world’s toughest diplomatic problems, charged with mediating a conflict in which two of the world’s most powerful nations — Russia, which supports Mr. Assad, and the United States, which has called for his ouster — remain deadlocked.
R. Nicholas Burns, a former State Department official who now teaches at Harvard, credited Mr. de Mistura for trying to negotiate a cease-fire even when the chances of success were exceedingly small — and the chances of a political deal even smaller. For his efforts to work, Professor Burns argued, the world powers will first have to come to an agreement of their own.
“He needs the help of outside powers,” he said. “It starts with backers of Assad. That’s Russia and Iran. De Mistura is there, waiting.”
With Iran Talks, a Tangled Path to Ending Syria’s WarHarvey R. Miller, Renowned Bankruptcy Lawyer, Dies at 82
Mr. Miller, of the firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges, represented companies including Lehman Brothers, General Motors and American Airlines, and mentored many of the top Chapter 11 practitioners today.
Harvey R. Miller, Renowned Bankruptcy Lawyer, Dies at 82Top News China’s Intents Are Questioned as It Builds in Antarctica
HOBART, Tasmania — Few places seem out of reach for China’s leader, Xi Jinping, who has traveled from European capitals to obscure Pacific and Caribbean islands in pursuit of his nation’s strategic interests.
So perhaps it was not surprising when he turned up last fall in this city on the edge of the Southern Ocean to put down a long-distance marker in another faraway region, Antarctica, 2,000 miles south of this Australian port.
Standing on the deck of an icebreaker that ferries Chinese scientists from this last stop before the frozen continent, Mr. Xi pledged that China would continue to expand in one of the few places on earth that remain unexploited by humans.
He signed a five-year accord with the Australian government that allows Chinese vessels and, in the future, aircraft to resupply for fuel and food before heading south. That will help secure easier access to a region that is believed to have vast oil and mineral resources; huge quantities of high-protein sea life; and for times of possible future dire need, fresh water contained in icebergs.
It was not until 1985, about seven decades after Robert Scott and Roald Amundsen raced to the South Pole, that a team representing Beijing hoisted the Chinese flag over the nation’s first Antarctic research base, the Great Wall Station on King George Island.
But now China seems determined to catch up. As it has bolstered spending on Antarctic research, and as the early explorers, especially the United States and Australia, confront stagnant budgets, there is growing concern about its intentions.
China’s operations on the continent — it opened its fourth research station last year, chose a site for a fifth, and is investing in a second icebreaker and new ice-capable planes and helicopters — are already the fastest growing of the 52 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty. That gentlemen’s agreement reached in 1959 bans military activity on the continent and aims to preserve it as one of the world’s last wildernesses; a related pact prohibits mining.
But Mr. Xi’s visit was another sign that China is positioning itself to take advantage of the continent’s resource potential when the treaty expires in 2048 — or in the event that it is ripped up before, Chinese and Australian experts say.
“So far, our research is natural-science based, but we know there is more and more concern about resource security,” said Yang Huigen, director general of the Polar Research Institute of China, who accompanied Mr. Xi last November on his visit to Hobart and stood with him on the icebreaker, Xue Long, or Snow Dragon.
With that in mind, the polar institute recently opened a new division devoted to the study of resources, law, geopolitics and governance in Antarctica and the Arctic, Mr. Yang said.
Australia, a strategic ally of the United States that has strong economic relations with China, is watching China’s buildup in the Antarctic with a mix of gratitude — China’s presence offers support for Australia’s Antarctic science program, which is short of cash — and wariness.
“We should have no illusions about the deeper agenda — one that has not even been agreed to by Chinese scientists but is driven by Xi, and most likely his successors,” said Peter Jennings, executive director of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute and a former senior official in the Australian Department of Defense.
“This is part of a broader pattern of a mercantilist approach all around the world,” Mr. Jennings added. “A big driver of Chinese policy is to secure long-term energy supply and food supply.”
That approach was evident last month when a large Chinese agriculture enterprise announced an expansion of its fishing operations around Antarctica to catch more krill — small, protein-rich crustaceans that are abundant in Antarctic waters.
“The Antarctic is a treasure house for all human beings, and China should go there and share,” Liu Shenli, the chairman of the China National Agricultural Development Group, told China Daily, a state-owned newspaper. China would aim to fish up to two million tons of krill a year, he said, a substantial increase from what it currently harvests.
Because sovereignty over Antarctica is unclear, nations have sought to strengthen their claims over the ice-covered land by building research bases and naming geographic features. China’s fifth station will put it within reach of the six American facilities, and ahead of Australia’s three.
Chinese mappers have also given Chinese names to more than 300 sites, compared with the thousands of locations on the continent with English names.
In the unspoken competition for Antarctica’s future, scientific achievement can also translate into influence. Chinese scientists are driving to be the first to drill and recover an ice core containing tiny air bubbles that provide a record of climate change stretching as far back as 1.5 million years. It is an expensive and delicate effort at which others, including the European Union and Australia, have failed.
In a breakthrough a decade ago, European scientists extracted an ice core nearly two miles long that revealed 800,000 years of climate history. But finding an ice core going back further would allow scientists to examine a change in the earth’s climate cycles believed to have occurred 900,000 to 1.2 million years ago.
China is betting it has found the best location to drill, at an area called Dome A, or Dome Argus, the highest point on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Though it is considered one of the coldest places on the planet, with temperatures of 130 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, a Chinese expedition explored the area in 2005 and established a research station in 2009.
“The international community has drilled in lots of places, but no luck so far,” said Xiao Cunde, a member of the first party to reach the site and the deputy director of the Institute for Climate Change at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. “We think at Dome A we will have a straight shot at the one-million-year ice core.”
Mr. Xiao said China had already begun drilling and hoped to find what scientists are looking for in four to five years.
To support its Antarctic aspirations, China is building a sophisticated $300 million icebreaker that is expected to be ready in a few years, said Xia Limin, deputy director of the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration in Beijing. It has also bought a high-tech fixed-wing aircraft, outfitted in the United States, for taking sensitive scientific soundings from the ice.
China has chosen the site for its fifth research station at Inexpressible Island, named by a group of British explorers who were stranded at the desolate site in 1912 and survived the winter by excavating a small ice cave.
Mr. Xia said the inhospitable spot was ideal because China did not have a presence in that part of Antarctica, and because the rocky site did not have much snow, making it relatively cheap to build there.
Anne-Marie Brady, a professor of political science at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand and the author of a soon-to-be-released book, “China as a Polar Great Power,” said Chinese scientists also believed they had a good chance of finding mineral and energy resources near the site.
“China is playing a long game in Antarctica and keeping other states guessing about its true intentions and interests are part of its poker hand,” she said. But she noted that China’s interest in finding minerals was presented “loud and clear to domestic audiences” as the main reason it was investing in Antarctica.
Because commercial drilling is banned, estimates of energy and mineral resources in Antarctica rely on remote sensing data and comparisons with similar geological environments elsewhere, said Millard F. Coffin, executive director of the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies in Hobart.
But the difficulty of extraction in such severe conditions and uncertainty about future commodity prices make it unlikely that China or any country would defy the ban on mining anytime soon.
Tourism, however, is already booming. Travelers from China are still a relatively small contingent in the Antarctic compared with the more than 13,000 Americans who visited in 2013, and as yet there are no licensed Chinese tour operators.
But that is about to change, said Anthony Bergin, deputy director of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. “I understand very soon there will be Chinese tourists on Chinese vessels with all-Chinese crew in the Antarctic,” he said.
Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Biographer of Clara Barton and Robert E. Lee, Dies at 64
Ms. Pryor, who served more than two decades in the State Department, was the author of well-regarded biographies of the founder of the American Red Cross and the Confederate commander.
Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Biographer of Clara Barton and Robert E. Lee, Dies at 64Rolf Smedvig, Trumpeter in the Empire Brass, Dies at 62
A former member of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Mr. Smedvig helped found the wide-ranging Empire Brass quintet.
Rolf Smedvig, Trumpeter in the Empire Brass, Dies at 62G.O.P. Hopefuls Now Aiming to Woo the Middle Class
WASHINGTON — The last three men to win the Republican nomination have been the prosperous son of a president (George W. Bush), a senator who could not recall how many homes his family owned (John McCain of Arizona; it was seven) and a private equity executive worth an estimated $200 million (Mitt Romney).
The candidates hoping to be the party’s nominee in 2016 are trying to create a very different set of associations. On Sunday, Ben Carson, a retired neurosurgeon, joined the presidential field.
Senator Marco Rubio of Florida praises his parents, a bartender and a Kmart stock clerk, as he urges audiences not to forget “the workers in our hotel kitchens, the landscaping crews in our neighborhoods, the late-night janitorial staff that clean our offices.”
Gov. Scott Walker of Wisconsin, a preacher’s son, posts on Twitter about his ham-and-cheese sandwiches and boasts of his coupon-clipping frugality. His $1 Kohl’s sweater has become a campaign celebrity in its own right.
Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky laments the existence of “two Americas,” borrowing the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s phrase to describe economically and racially troubled communities like Ferguson, Mo., and Detroit.
“Some say, ‘But Democrats care more about the poor,’ ” Mr. Paul likes to say. “If that’s true, why is black unemployment still twice white unemployment? Why has household income declined by $3,500 over the past six years?”
We are in the midst of the Empathy Primary — the rhetorical battleground shaping the Republican presidential field of 2016.
Harmed by the perception that they favor the wealthy at the expense of middle-of-the-road Americans, the party’s contenders are each trying their hardest to get across what the elder George Bush once inelegantly told recession-battered voters in 1992: “Message: I care.”
Their ability to do so — less bluntly, more sincerely — could prove decisive in an election year when power, privilege and family connections will loom large for both parties.
Questions of understanding and compassion cost Republicans in the last election. Mr. Romney, who memorably dismissed the “47 percent” of Americans as freeloaders, lost to President Obama by 63 percentage points among voters who cast their ballots for the candidate who “cares about people like me,” according to exit polls.
And a Pew poll from February showed that people still believe Republicans are indifferent to working Americans: 54 percent said the Republican Party does not care about the middle class.
That taint of callousness explains why Senator Ted Cruz of Texas declared last week that Republicans “are and should be the party of the 47 percent” — and why another son of a president, Jeb Bush, has made economic opportunity the centerpiece of his message.
With his pedigree and considerable wealth — since he left the Florida governor’s office almost a decade ago he has earned millions of dollars sitting on corporate boards and advising banks — Mr. Bush probably has the most complicated task making the argument to voters that he understands their concerns.
On a visit last week to Puerto Rico, Mr. Bush sounded every bit the populist, railing against “elites” who have stifled economic growth and innovation. In the kind of economy he envisions leading, he said: “We wouldn’t have the middle being squeezed. People in poverty would have a chance to rise up. And the social strains that exist — because the haves and have-nots is the big debate in our country today — would subside.”
Who Is Running for President (and Who’s Not)?
Republicans’ emphasis on poorer and working-class Americans now represents a shift from the party’s longstanding focus on business owners and “job creators” as the drivers of economic opportunity.
This is intentional, Republican operatives said.
In the last presidential election, Republicans rushed to defend business owners against what they saw as hostility by Democrats to successful, wealthy entrepreneurs.
“Part of what you had was a reaction to the Democrats’ dehumanization of business owners: ‘Oh, you think you started your plumbing company? No you didn’t,’ ” said Grover Norquist, the conservative activist and president of Americans for Tax Reform.
But now, Mr. Norquist said, Republicans should move past that. “Focus on the people in the room who know someone who couldn’t get a job, or a promotion, or a raise because taxes are too high or regulations eat up companies’ time,” he said. “The rich guy can take care of himself.”
Democrats argue that the public will ultimately see through such an approach because Republican positions like opposing a minimum-wage increase and giving private banks a larger role in student loans would hurt working Americans.
“If Republican candidates are just repeating the same tired policies, I’m not sure that smiling while saying it is going to be enough,” said Guy Cecil, a Democratic strategist who is joining a “super PAC” working on behalf of Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Republicans have already attacked Mrs. Clinton over the wealth and power she and her husband have accumulated, caricaturing her as an out-of-touch multimillionaire who earns hundreds of thousands of dollars per speech and has not driven a car since 1996.
Mr. Walker hit this theme recently on Fox News, pointing to Mrs. Clinton’s lucrative book deals and her multiple residences. “This is not someone who is connected with everyday Americans,” he said. His own net worth, according to The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, is less than a half-million dollars; Mr. Walker also owes tens of thousands of dollars on his credit cards.
But showing off a cheap sweater or boasting of a bootstraps family background not only helps draw a contrast with Mrs. Clinton’s latter-day affluence, it is also an implicit argument against Mr. Bush.
Mr. Walker, who featured a 1998 Saturn with more than 100,000 miles on the odometer in a 2010 campaign ad during his first run for governor, likes to talk about flipping burgers at McDonald’s as a young person. His mother, he has said, grew up on a farm with no indoor plumbing until she was in high school.
Mr. Rubio, among the least wealthy members of the Senate, with an estimated net worth of around a half-million dollars, uses his working-class upbringing as evidence of the “exceptionalism” of America, “where even the son of a bartender and a maid can have the same dreams and the same future as those who come from power and privilege.”
Mr. Cruz alludes to his family’s dysfunction — his parents, he says, were heavy drinkers — and recounts his father’s tale of fleeing Cuba with $100 sewn into his underwear.
Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey notes that his father paid his way through college working nights at an ice cream plant.
But sometimes the attempts at projecting authenticity can seem forced. Mr. Christie recently found himself on the defensive after telling a New Hampshire audience, “I don’t consider myself a wealthy man.” Tax returns showed that he and his wife, a longtime Wall Street executive, earned nearly $700,000 in 2013.
The story of success against the odds is a political classic, even if it is one the Republican Party has not been able to tell for a long time. Ronald Reagan liked to say that while he had not been born on the wrong side of the tracks, he could always hear the whistle. Richard Nixon was fond of reminding voters how he was born in a house his father had built.
“Probably the idea that is most attractive to an average voter, and an idea that both Republicans and Democrats try to craft into their messages, is this idea that you can rise from nothing,” said Charles C. W. Cooke, a writer for National Review.
There is a certain delight Republicans take in turning that message to their advantage now.
“That’s what Obama did with Hillary,” Mr. Cooke said. “He acknowledged it openly: ‘This is ridiculous. Look at me, this one-term senator with dark skin and all of America’s unsolved racial problems, running against the wife of the last Democratic president.”
G.O.P. Hopefuls Now Aiming to Woo the Middle ClassNepal’s Young Men, Lost to Migration, Then a Quake
KATHMANDU, Nepal — When the dense pillar of smoke from cremations by the Bagmati River was thinning late last week, the bodies were all coming from Gongabu, a common stopover for Nepali migrant workers headed overseas, and they were all of young men.
Hindu custom dictates that funeral pyres should be lighted by the oldest son of the deceased, but these men were too young to have sons, so they were burned by their brothers or fathers. Sukla Lal, a maize farmer, made a 14-hour journey by bus to retrieve the body of his 19-year-old son, who had been on his way to the Persian Gulf to work as a laborer.
“He wanted to live in the countryside, but he was compelled to leave by poverty,” Mr. Lal said, gazing ahead steadily as his son’s remains smoldered. “He told me, ‘You can live on your land, and I will come up with money, and we will have a happy family.’ ”
Weeks will pass before the authorities can give a complete accounting of who died in the April 25 earthquake, but it is already clear that Nepal cannot afford the losses. The countryside was largely stripped of its healthy young men even before the quake, as they migrated in great waves — 1,500 a day by some estimates — to work as laborers in India, Malaysia or one of the gulf nations, leaving many small communities populated only by elderly parents, women and children. Economists say that at some times of the year, one-quarter of Nepal’s population is working outside the country.
Nepal’s Young Men, Lost to Migration, Then a QuakeGilbert Haroche, Builder of an Economy Travel Empire, Dies at 87
Mr. Haroche was a founder of Liberty Travel, which grew from a two-man operation to the largest leisure travel operation in the United States.
Gilbert Haroche, Builder of an Economy Travel Empire, Dies at 87Jozef Paczynski, Inmate Barber to Auschwitz Commandant, Dies at 95
Mr. Paczynski was one of the concentration camp’s longest surviving inmates and served as the personal barber to its Nazi commandant Rudolf Höss.
Jozef Paczynski, Inmate Barber to Auschwitz Commandant, Dies at 95Edward Chambers, Early Leader in Community Organizing, Dies at 85
A lapsed seminarian, Mr. Chambers succeeded Saul Alinsky as leader of the social justice umbrella group Industrial Areas Foundation.
Edward Chambers, Early Leader in Community Organizing, Dies at 85Joseph Lechleider, a Father of the DSL Internet Technology, Dies at 82
Mr. Lechleider helped invent DSL technology, which enabled phone companies to offer high-speed web access over their infrastructure of copper wires.
Joseph Lechleider, a Father of the DSL Internet Technology, Dies at 82Richard Suzman, 72, Dies; Researcher Influenced Global Surveys on Aging
At the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Suzman’s signature accomplishment was the central role he played in creating a global network of surveys on aging.
Richard Suzman, 72, Dies; Researcher Influenced Global Surveys on Aging
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